Manbij ... from Ottoman to Baathist politics-2

AKRAM BARAKAT/ MANBIJ

After Tamerlane Battle of north Syria in 804 AH / 1401 AD, and his occupation of Manbij and making it the headquarters of the campaign against Syria and demolishing it, so that he did not leave a stone above a stone, leaving the soldiers kill its populations, Manbij city turned into all empty city, and life has stopped in Manbij which remained abandoned for nearly 500 years, until the early 1900s.

The traveler Henry Mandrell and he was an academic at Oxford University, an Anglican priest, and a guide to the eastern in Syria described during his visit to Manbij area in 1697 AD, saying, "this place has no more greatness" Manbij city was destroyed completely, and pervades with devastation and chaos, and in the eastern part of the city a wall is still intact and has not yet been destroyed. On the western side of the city is a 100-yard deep water pit (91.4 m). "It seems that this small lake was surrounded by great buildings and the existence of these great buildings was determined by the columns and debris remaining around the lake.”

In 1850, Colonel Chesney, a British general and British traveler, visited Manbij city, describing it as "a broken city in the middle of a rocky plain in a secluded place."

Deportation of 350 Circassian families to Manbij

In 1878, the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II sent 350 Circassian families to Manbij, where they settled and became citizens, at the same time, the Ottoman Empire carried out a genocide campaign against the Armenians that lasted until 1923.

In 1904, the Ottoman Empire built a public bathhouse in the market and wrote on it in Turkish: "The Sultan blesses the people of the city with this bathhouse." After the outbreak of the First World War from 1914 to 1918, the Ottoman Empire joined the Axis of the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Bulgaria Kingdom, against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, France and the Russian Empire.

The Ottoman Empire at that time declared the general alarm (Seferberli) and took all those who could carry arms in the areas under their control and their involvement in the ongoing war, including Manbij area.

One of the most prominent results of the world war is the fall of Ottoman Empire and the division of the Arab Orient after the Great Arab Revolution led by al-Sharief Hussein to cantons under the control of the Mandate States under the Sykes-Picot Agreement, so it put Syria, Lebanon, Mosul under French rule and Jordan and Palestine placed under British Mandate.

The status of the Manbij area remained the same after the French Mandate and its evacuation from Syria, and the developments that took place at that time were carried out by the people of the area and its indigenous people.

After the evacuation of the French Mandate from Syria in 1946, people took up democracy and joined the various political parties, and schools began to spread in Manbij city and its villages, and the first cultural center in Manbij had been established in the name of the Arab Cultural Center in Manbij.

The Baath followed Turkey's approach in Manbij

During the Baath Party's takeover of Syria, in order to tighten its grip on Syria, the Baathist regime pursued a policy of striking the components with each other, displacing some of their homeland and resettling them in other areas, in particular, Rojava people, where a policy under the project of Mohammed Talab Hilal had been applied, and under the pretext of flooding the Euphrates Dam Lake water to the southern Manbij villages, the Baath Party government issued a decision to deport thousands of families from there to al-Jazeera region currently, and settled along the strip between the Serê Kaniyê city of Syria to Derik city in the form of 43 settlements and now are known as (the submerged).

The Baathist regime against the people of Manbej area never stopped. In 1982, the tanks of the regime besieged some of the villages of Manbij because of their joining the anti-Baath movement against Syria's rule and its monopoly on power by the Muslim Brotherhood. In 1999, the Baathist government forced hundreds of villagers from the Euphrates River in Manbij to flee to Maskana village because their villages and lands were flooded with the waters of Tishreen Dam.

In spite of its strategic position during the rule of the Baath Party, Manbij did not experience any development despite its strategic position during the rule of the Baath party. On the contrary, the regime tried to disperse and dismantle Manbij, which is tribal in nature and tried to contribute to a great extent by creating differences and dowries among Manbij tribes' people, by granting some privileges to some tribes at the expense of the other.

The most prominent clans of Manbij

There are within Manbij areas many tribes, including Arab and Kurdish, Arab tribes include more than 30 tribes and each clan has several subdivisions and the most prominent of these clans:

Bani Saeid, Albubna, Ghanayim, Khanafra, Majadema, Bagara, al-bu Sultan, Bani Aseid, al-Walda, Turkman, al-Naeim, Loudali, Wald Ali, al-Barq, al-Jllad, al-Kharaj, al-Damalkha, al-Oun, al-Galad, al-Bu Salah, al-Hamdoun, Bani Jamil, al-Bu Attik, al-Omerat, al-Sharerat, al-Musarat, al-Bu Dabash, Shemar, al-Baragsha, al-Ajlan, al-Bu Batoush, Ajeil Bano Saeid,al-Sheioukh, al-Bu Ajour, al-Jabera, al-Hassan, al-Mafaleih, al-Haleisat, al-Haresat, al-Saresat, al-Twamat, al-Hadedein, al-Bu Khameis, al-Bu masara, al-Wardat, al-Bu Manei, Khafaja, al-Ganem, al-Jabat, al-Bu hasan, al-Saub, al-Bu Issa, al-Hadeifa, al-Garawein, al-Idwan, al-Sabkha abu Muslem, al-Khaet, al-Jeisat and al-Karameta.  

There is also a strong presence of several Kurdish tribes such as al-Kittakan clan and has many divisions in the city in addition to the tribes of Karo Bak and Ali Deen and others.

After the outbreak of the Syrian revolution, Manbij participated in the anti-regime protests and the first demonstration took place on April 21, 2011. Some armed factions managed to control Manbij city on July 19, 2012, these factions were unable to administrate the area, but looted the city monuments.

After the armed factions took control of Manbij, the city and the area were divided. The factions fought each other until January 2014, when IS mercenaries took control of the entire city then Manbij city was transformed into a city covered by a black cloud.

Tomorrow: Manbij ... Black era and rejection of submissiveness to ISIS

H/S

ANHA

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